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CLIMATE The Atlantic Maritime ecozone's nearness to the Atlantic ocean gives it a moderate, cool, and moist climate. In Ontario, Canada, for example, the climate is affected by three air sources: cold, dry and Arctic air from the north, the latter being the dominant factor during the winter months and for a longer part of the year in Ontario’s far north.  The effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a smaller extent, terrain relief.  The surrounding Great Lakes greatly influence the climatic region of southern Ontario.  During the fall and winter months, heat stored from the lakes is released, moderating the climate near the shores of the lakes.The climate in Canada’s Cordilleran region varies throughout the year, and temperatures differ by elevation.  Summers can range from warm to hot, rainy and breezy, with generally cool evenings.  Winters can be cool to very cold, with biting winds and rain in the southern valley regions and snow at the higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains.  In general, the weather in the Cordilleran region of Canada is similar to that of the Northwestern United States in places like North Dakota, Montana and Wyoming.The moderate weather and ample precipitation in the Cordilleran region supports a variety of vegetation, including Douglas Firs, forage grass, white spruce, lodge pole pine, ponderosa pine and many more types of grasses and shrubs.The Boreal Climate of Canada brings with it some of the most extreme seasonal temperature variations in the country.  During the winter, temperatures can drop to as low as -40 degrees Fahrenheit, and in summer, the temperature may exceed 86 degrees F.  The summers, however, are very short; no more than three months of the year (but at least one month) must have a 24-hour average temperature of at least 50 degrees F to fall into this category of climate.Average winter temperatures range from -40 degrees F to 32 degrees F, but extremes as low as -58 degrees F are not uncommon.  Temperatures during the short Arctic summers range from about 14-50 degrees F, and with some land areas can occasionally exceed 86 degrees, although these extremes are very rare.The variance between temperatures in Canada’s Arctic region can be great, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter.  Some of Canada’s Arctic regions are covered by ice year-round, whether in the form of snow, glacial ice or sea ice, and nearly all portions of Canada’s Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice on the surface.Canada’s taiga forests experience relatively low precipitation throughout the year, usually no more than 14 inches.  The precipitation comes mainly in the form of rain during the summer months, but also as fog and snow.  This fog, which is particularly seen in Canada’s low-lying areas during and after the thawing of the frozen Arctic seas, means that sunshine is not abundant in the taiga region even during the long summer days.  Snow may remain on the ground in Canada’s forests for as long as nine months, especially in the northernmost regions.The provinces that lie in Canada’s Atlantic coastal region are generally cooler in summer and warmer in winter than the country’s inland regions, with richer soils suitable for farming.  Hence, coastal communities have the greatest concentration of the zone’s 2.5 million inhabitants.  The largest urban area in this ecozone is Halifax, located in the province of Nova Scotia.The entire Atlantic Maritime region of Canada experiences relatively cool and moderate temperatures during the summer, with average July temperatures at 18 degrees Celsius.  Winters tend to be mild but long, with January mean temperatures between -2.5 degrees C and -10 degrees C.  Proximity to the Atlantic Ocean results in a humid environment with significant precipitation, varying from an annual average of 1,425 mm along the coasts to 1,000 mm inland.The Pacific areas of Canada, which includes the large city of Vancouver, receive both adequate and predictable precipitation.  Much like the city of Seattle in the United States, the rainy season in Canada’s Pacific Maritime climate regions tends to be longer than that of the more southerly Pacific regions, often spanning from October through May.  Moreover, cloudy skies tend to dominate in the late fall, winter and early spring, with measurable cloud cover seen some 5 out of 7 days.The Taiga Climate is known for its extremely long and cold winters, often more than six months, with some precipitation in summer but very little in winter.  The taiga is the terrestrial climate with the lowest annual average temperatures after the tundra and permanent ice caps.  Extreme minimum temperatures in the northern part of the taiga region are typically lower than those of the tundra.  The taiga or boreal forest has what is known as a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is by far the most dominant feature of this climate pattern.  The short summers, lasting between one and three months, see average temperatures of about 50 degrees F, but the mean annual temperature generally varies from 23 degrees F to 41 degrees F.With an average of nearly 180 frost-free days, the coastal regions of Canada may have up to 1,750 growing degree days, whereas the inland areas of, say, New Brunswick have an average annual growing season of 1,500 growing degree days, and just 80 frost-free days.The Atlantic Maritime region of Canada covers the Canadian provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, as well as the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec.  It is adjacent to the Atlantic Marine Eco-zone to the east, and the Mixed-wood Plains to the west.Most of Canada’s Boreal Climate region receives very little precipitation, typically no more than 15 inches over an entire year.  Away from the coasts, precipitation occurs mostly in the warmer months, while in coastal areas like Newfoundland’s northeast, the heaviest precipitation is usually during the autumn months when the relative warmth of the sea in relation to the land is the greatest. Also known as an “Oceanic Climate,” the Pacific Maritime Climate is characterized by a narrower annual range of temperatures, with warm (but not hot) summers and cool (but not cold) winters.  This weather pattern is in stark contrast to the climate found in Canada’s inland regions at comparable latitude.  Oceanic climates are most dominant in Europe, where they spread much farther inland than they do in other continents.Below we will take a look at the average high and low temperatures—both during the winter and summer—for some of the region’s major cities:The Canadian prairies generally receive about 12 to 15 inches of annual precipitation in the semi-arid areas, while the continental regions receive a bit more, averaging 16 to 20 inches a year.  Of the three provinces that makeup the Canadian prairies, Manitoba is the most humid and thus typically receives more rainfall than Alberta and Saskatchewan.The region has warm, to hot, humid summers and cold winters.