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… Fifth decennial Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Conference, Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Committee of the Geo-Institute. When the soil behind and/or beneath such a wall liquefies, the pressure it exerts on the wall can increase greatly – enough to cause the wall to slide and/or tilt towards the water. The cyclic strength thus determined at each depth of the deposits at the two sites was incorporated into the simple liquefaction analysis which was carried out on the basis of the ground surface acceleration records obtained at the basement of a nearby apartment building during the 1964 earthquake. Case Studies of liquefaction and lifelines performance during past earthquake [R]. 1 Introduction. [4] Hamada M. Large ground deformations and their effects on lifelines: 1964 Niigata earthquake. Furthermore, countermeasures and seismic reinforcement of quay walls and foundations of existing structures are introduced. Right: During the 1964 Niigata earthquake in Japan, liquefaction caused large areas to subside by up to 4 feet. Most ports and wharves have major retaining structures, or quay walls, to allow large ships to moor adjacent to flat cargo handling areas. There was damage to buried pipes in Gaiko district in Akita Port during the 1983 Nihonkai-Chibu earthquake. However, after 20 years from the earthquake, noticeable damage to pile foundation was discovered. Liquefaction (NGL) Case History Database Structure. 3.1–3.123 .

University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo.

2 Soil Dynamics Section, Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Tsukuba, Ibaraki. Damages to buildings supported by piles of around 11 m depth, was minor.

Hamada M, Yasuda S, Wakamatsu K (1992) Large ground deformation and their effects on lifelines: 1964 Niigata earthquake. This volume concentrates on earthquake-induced ground deformation in Japan, and consists of case histories of the: 1) 1923 Kanto earthquake, 2) 1948 Fukui earthquake, 3) 1964 Niigata earthquake, 4) 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu earthquake, and 5) 1990 Luzon, Philippines earthquake. Structures with bulk unit weight lower than that of the liquefied soil are lifted up during liquefaction.As liquefaction occurs in saturated soil, its effects are most commonly observed in low-lying areas near bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, bays and oceans. The cause of this damage was permanent ground displacement due to liquefaction of loosely deposited sand. They are used for mooring and berthing floating vessels such as barges, container vessels, ships, boats etc. New computation techniques involve superior modeling, liquefaction mitigation procedures, and options for extending existing quay walls for higher water depth and superior structural forms like geotubes, geocontainers etc.